Periodontitis is a prevalent condition that can affect up to 90% of the global population. The risk of periodontitis might be associated with gum inflammation (bleeding) due to plaque accumulation [1, 2]. Overreacting immune responses in the teeth could lead to tissue destruction or the release of tissue-damaging protein-degrading enzymes. Hundreds or even thousands of…
Diseases have appeared, disappeared, increased, or decreased throughout human history. These epidemiological trends occur strongly with infectious diseases but also manifest in chronic diseases. In the past three or four decades, researchers have reported changes in the epidemiology of neurological diseases. In some high-income and developing countries, the risk of stroke and cognitive decline has…
As we know, the physiology and pathology of the respiratory and digestive tracts are closely interrelated. The correlation between these two systems explains why functional disorders in one organ can cause diseases in another. For instance, smoking is a major risk factor for Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) and Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD). COPD is…
Infertility is a common condition that affects approximately 186 million people worldwide (1). Researchers have studied numerous causes of infertility, with age being considered a significant factor influencing both male and female infertility as well as reproductive disorders (2). Besides acute, chronic, or infectious diseases, environmental exposure, occupations, lifestyles, and genetic conditions can also impact…
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is characterized by increased fasting blood glucose (FBG) and glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c), indicating poor glucose uptake [1]. According to the American Diabetes Association (ADA) report, T2DM exhibits digestive disorders such as difficult stomach or intestinal clearance, gastric ulcers post-diabetes, constipation, diarrhea, bloating, and obesity [2,3]. Hence, the presence of digestive…
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