Ischemic heart disease (IHD), a life-threatening cardiac condition characterized by lessened blood and oxygen supply to the heart, which is the principal component of cardiovascular diseases (CVD), may lead to heart failure and myocardial infarction (MI) [1]. It is the major cause of death in urbanized nations and contributes significantly to the disease burden in…
Kidney disease is a common health problem. The World Health Organization has estimated that approximately 5 to 10 million people die annually from kidney diseases worldwide [1]. By 2040, it projected chronic kidney disease to be the fifth leading cause of death [2]. The number of patients with chronic renal failure is increasing, as well…
Parkinson’s disease is the second most common neurodegenerative disorder after Alzheimer’s disease, affecting 1% of the population worldwide after age 60 [1,2]. It poses a significant problem in aging societies [3,4]. The progressive loss of functions of the neurotransmitter dopamine in the central nervous system characterizes Parkinson’s disease. Typical symptoms of Parkinson’s disease are slow…
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a fatal disease characterized by degeneration of motor neurons in the brain and spinal cord. The condition progresses slowly, starting with muscle weakness in the limbs and ending in paralysis and death, mainly because of respiratory failure. The disease is a significant burden for society. ALS affects approximately 1 to…
Leukemia is a type of malignant cancer of hematopoietic cells. According to the American Cancer Society, they often classify leukemia into acute myeloid leukemia (AML), 33%; Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), 10%; Chronic myeloid leukemia (CML), 14%; Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), 35%; Other leukemia, 8%. The number of leukemia cases has increased significantly, from 297,000 to…
Optic nerve atrophy is one of the most common causes of poor vision and blindness worldwide [1,2]. Certain pathologies causing damage to the optic nerve are atherosclerosis of the major vessels, tumors on the optic nerve, ischemia, glaucoma, improper formation of the optic nerve, vasculitis diseases of the optic nerve, and retina, hereditary and toxic…
