Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) occurs due to the gradual decline in kidney function. It is characterized by the progressive reduction of organic biochemical function and secondary physiological functions due to the accumulation of metabolic waste, electrolyte imbalance, acid-base imbalance, reduced blood volume, increased blood potassium and phosphate, anemia, endocrine disorders, hypertrophy of the thyroid, infertility,…
As we know, the physiology and pathology of the respiratory and digestive tracts are closely interrelated. The correlation between these two systems explains why functional disorders in one organ can cause diseases in another. For instance, smoking is a major risk factor for Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) and Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD). COPD is…
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is characterized by increased fasting blood glucose (FBG) and glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c), indicating poor glucose uptake [1]. According to the American Diabetes Association (ADA) report, T2DM exhibits digestive disorders such as difficult stomach or intestinal clearance, gastric ulcers post-diabetes, constipation, diarrhea, bloating, and obesity [2,3]. Hence, the presence of digestive…
Aging happens to everyone and is a gradual, continuous process of natural change that begins in early adulthood. During early middle age, many bodily functions begin to gradually decline, and disease risk increases. Ageing is associated with a progressive degeneration of the tissues, which has a negative impact on the structure and function of vital organs…
