Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) occurs due to the gradual decline in kidney function. It is characterized by the progressive reduction of organic biochemical function and secondary physiological functions due to the accumulation of metabolic waste, electrolyte imbalance, acid-base imbalance, reduced blood volume, increased blood potassium and phosphate, anemia, endocrine disorders, hypertrophy of the thyroid, infertility,…
Diarrhea is considered one of the most common digestive disorders. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), diarrhea is the second leading cause of death in children under 5, claiming the lives of approximately 1.5 million children each year. Passing loose or watery stools three or more times a day characterizes diarrhea [1]. Diarrhea can…
Alzheimer’s disease is a neurological degenerative disorder and the eighth leading cause of death in the United States. It affects approximately 6.2 million people, with annual healthcare costs amounting to around $305 billion [1]. The disease is characterized by abnormal protein synthesis, leading to neuroinflammation and damage to nerve cells. This results in hindrances to…
Cancer is a disease caused by abnormal cell proliferation in the body, leading to genetic mutations and the uncontrolled growth of these cells. There are various types of cancers, and treatment measures depend on the type of cancer, the stage of the disease, and the patient’s overall health. According to the World Health Organization (WHO),…
Parkinson’s disease is a slow-progressing neurological disorder that leads to the gradual death of nerve cells in the brain, resulting in symptoms such as tremors, stiffness, difficulty in movement, and impaired balance. Globally, disability and mortality due to Parkinson’s disease are increasing more rapidly than any other neurological disorder, doubling in the past 25 years….
Skin naturally ages as the body ages or is exposed to external factors such as weather, environmental elements, or harmful substances, causing internal and external changes in the skin. Signs of skin aging include dryness, reduced elasticity, wrinkles, fine lines, hyperpigmentation, and dark spots. The causes of skin aging are both intrinsic factors within the…
