Endometriosis is a common gynecological disorder in women, affecting hormonal balance. It afflicts approximately 10% of women worldwide, roughly 200 million individuals [1,2]. This condition occurs when endometrial cells are found outside the uterus. Common locations for endometrial tissue include the pelvic region (peritoneum), ovaries, fallopian tubes, and rectum. Endometrial tissue often comprises endometrial stromal…
Infertility is a condition where couples are unable to conceive naturally after 12 months of regular intercourse without contraception (1). It can affect couples who have never conceived or those who have experienced recurrent miscarriages or ectopic pregnancies. Currently, about 48.5 to 72.4 million couples worldwide face infertility, accounting for 12.8% to 17.5% of those…
Cancer poses a serious threat to human health and stands as a leading cause of death worldwide. Statistics reveal approximately 10 million cancer-related deaths annually and over 19 million diagnosed cases in 2020. Breast cancer accounts for the highest percentage of cancer incidence in females at 11.7%, whereas lung cancer leads to males at 14.3%…
Cancer is a broad term for a large group of diseases that can affect many parts of the body. Other terms used are malignant tumors and neoplasms. A notable characteristic of cancer is the rapid generation of abnormal cells that grow beyond their usual boundaries and can invade neighboring parts of the body and spread…
Cancer remains one of the leading causes of illness and death worldwide, with approximately 238,340 recent cases of lung cancer reported (117,550 in males and 120,790 in females). According to the American Cancer Society, the American Cancer Society attributes around 127,070 deaths to lung cancer (67,160 in males and 59,910 in females) [1]. Lung cancer…
A vaccine is a biological substance designed to protect humans from infections caused by bacteria or viruses. It is believed to stimulate a person’s immune system to produce antibodies similar to what would be generated if infected. The vaccine creation process involves using an antigen, or a newly identified immune-stimulating substance discovered during research and…
