An abnormal immune response that causes inflammation and damage to target tissues or organs, such as the skin, kidneys, joints, and muscles, causes systemic autoimmune diseases [1]. Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a multisystem, multiorgan-damaging, and potentially fatal autoimmune disease characterized by the activation and proliferation of T cells and B cells [2]. Due to…
Thalassemia is a genetic hemolytic anemia. The disease mechanism affects the synthesis of globin chains in patients [1,2]. The cause of thalassemia is the unbalanced production of globin chains, resulting in ineffective erythropoiesis and increased hemolysis. While the carrier of the gene may not have symptoms, patients with severe thalassemia require regular blood transfusions and…
Stroke can lead to death or permanent disability, debilitate the human body, impaired mobility and cognition, and leave a tremendous burden on the patient’s family and society [1]. Initial intervention measures such as surgery and the use of special medicines have had certain effectiveness. However, long-term intervention may still be required, even lifelong treatment. After…
Diabetes, both type 1 and type 2, is highly prevalent worldwide. Many serious complications, which can be life-threatening, can arise from uncontrolled diabetes. The conventional approach to diabetes treatment includes injected insulin or oral anti-diabetic drugs, but they come with potential complications and can affect the patient’s health negatively. Therefore, clinicians strive to improve patient…
The retina contains millions of light-sensitive cells (rods and cones) and other nerve cells that receive and organize visual information, retina sends this information to your brain through your optic nerve, enabling you to see [1]. Retinal diseases are diverse, but most can affect any part of the retina [2]. Retinal diseases can affect any…
Childhood interstitial lung disease (chILD) describes a group of respiratory diseases that can affect babies, children, and teens. It is also called diffuse lung disease [1]. Some children are born with an interstitial lung disease (ILD) while others develop an ILD later during childhood [2]. ChILD can be mild, serious, or life-threatening. Some types of…
